Capitalist Economy Essay

The right of private property means that productive factors such as land, factories, machinery, mines etc. are under private ownership. The owners of these factors are free to use them in the manner in which they like. The government may; however, put some restrictions for the benefit of the society in general; Freedom of enterprise: This means that everybody engages in any economic activity he likes. More specifically he is free to set up any firm to produce goods. Freedom of choice for the consumers: This means that people in a capitalist economy are free to spend their income as they desire. This is known as consumer sovereignty. Consumers are sovereign in the sense that producers produce only those goods which consumers are willing to buy. Profit motive: In a capitalist economy, it is the profit motive which forces or induces people to work and produce; Competition: Competition prevails among the sellers to sell their goods and among buyers to obtain goods to satisfy their wants. Advertisement, price cutting, discount etc., are found to be the normal methods of competition in any capitalist economy. Inequalities of incomes: There is generally a wide gap of income between the rich and the poor in the income which mainly arises due to unequal distribution of property in such economies. Merits of capitalist economy: The following are the merits of capitalist economy: 1.To attract the consumer, the producer is in a position to bring out newer and finer varieties of goods; 2.The existence of private property and the driving force of profit motive results in high standard of living; 3.Capitalism works automatically through the price mechanism; 4.The freedom of enterprise results in maximum efficiency in production; 5.All activities under capitalism enjoy the maximum amount of liberty and freedom; 6.Under capitalism freedom of choice brings maximum satisfaction to consumers; 7.Capitalism preserves fundamental rights such as right to freedom and right to private property; 8.It rewards men of initiative and enterprise; Country as a whole benefits through growth of business talents, development of research etc., Demerits of capitalism: The following are the demerits of capitalism: 1.In capitalism the enormous wealth produced is apportioned by a few. This causes rich richer and poor, poorer; 2.Welfare is not protected under capitalism, because here the aim is profit and not the welfare of the people; 3.Economic instability in terms of over production, economic depression, unemployment etc., is very common under capitalism; 4.The producer spends huge amounts of money on advertisement and sale promotion activities like fairs, exhibitions etc., 5.Class conflict arises between employer and employee and they will be paid low wages and this leads to strikes and lock outs; 6.Productive resources are misused under capitalism and they are used for the production on luxuries as they are bound to bring high profits; 7.Capitalism leads to the formation of monopolies and 8.There is no security of employment for the workers and employees under capitalism. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/

Causes of Unemployment

Causes of Unemployment The current unemployment rate is 7. 4 percent it has continuously rising, the unemployment rate has increased 0. 1 percent over the past year. Unemployment is the level of joblessness among people actively looking for work in the economic system. This seems to be a constant problem in Canada. There are always people struggling for an occupation. Unemployment has many factors leading to this cause. A common cause of unemployment is many of the unemployed have gotten fired or laid off. The company may have been sold or it might be that some positions are no longer needed.It’s hard to find work right after being laid off or being fired. In general it depends on the economy if it’s down then it will difficult to find work and vice versa. Another factor of unemployment is there are too many people but not enough jobs. Furthermore, unemployment is the outcome because of overpopulation is â€Å"defined as a condition where a countrys human population ex ceeds the carrying capacity of its environment â€Å"(dictionary. Reference . com). In this case the population is more than the amount of available jobs.Lastly, those who are inborn disabled or deficiencies stay partly employed or are fully unemployed throughout their life. Illness ‘caused by industrial conditions or fatal accidents that often in the workplace. Due to the accidents it has caused them to be disabled. Some who are born with disability for example like Down syndrome or dyslexia. Disabled people are not physically or mentally capable to be in the workforce leading them to be unemployed. Therefore , the causes of unemployment are due to being aid off or fired , overpopulation or disabilities .

A notation should be directed to a large extent towards the people who read it, rather than towards the sounds they will make

The endeavours of some Experimentalist composers in the 1950s and 1960s, including Cornelius Cardew and John Cage (parenthetically, Cage's own quote, ‘Let the notations refer to what is to be done, not what is to be heard'1 , has resonances with the title quote) were a purposeful reaction to the determinacy of the Serialists. However, the notions of integral serialism and indeterminacy shared common elements in some eyes: There is really no basic difference between the results of automatism and the products of chance; total determinacy comes to be identical with total indeterminacy†¦. 2 The way a piece is notated allows us to come closer to understanding ‘the musical culture within which [notations] operate, and of the ways in which our modes of thought are influenced by the nature of the systems we use'3. This relates to the societal view that the composer is the one who has something to say, reducing the status of the performer to that of interpreter. However, this is not a view that has always existed; composers such as Mozart and Beethoven often expected performers of their works (including themselves, to which I shall return) to create improvised cadenzas for their concerti, while, additionally, the accompaniments were improvised to an extent. Reducing this to a basic level, is it simply the case that, harmonically and stylistically, it was not as difficult to do this in Mozart's time? We no longer have a tradition, or such a tonal system embodying a guiding code, to respect in this way, which has contributed to the prioritising of the composer, and the score. Through our traditional respect for the written word, one expects to perform music as it is written, which itself has consequences: ‘†¦ it is our veneration for the urtext that leads us to the attitude that ‘whatever is not in the score must be wrong'. â€Å"4 The movement towards greater notational detail in the score in the 1950s and 1960s, along with the aforementioned elevated view of composer as ‘master' brought performers to a situation where â€Å"interpretation† became subjugated by â€Å"execution†. Attempts to exert compositional control over every element of a work -that is not only time-space relationships but forms of attack, articulation, dynamic shading i. e. those elements traditionally left to the musical intelligence of the player – do posses a certain futility. In every case which involves human input, something is left to the performer. They do not have to be aware of the extent that their unconscious ‘decisions' influence a piece, which include the elements of performance out of the possible control of the composer, for example a player's personal style, method of playing their instrument, conception of dynamic level. Players still take latitude, however determinate the notation. Their personal mannerisms and inflections will inevitably influence the end result. When viewed in this way, such precision on the part of the composer becomes almost meaningless, except in cases where the end result being an approximation is intentionally part of the composer's aesthetic. It arises that performers must be cautious of the primacy of the score, handling it (and the composer) with ‘kid gloves'. It leads to narrow scope for, and range of, interpretation â€Å"†¦ a state in which the interaction of compulsive exactitude and permissive freedom could result in simultaneous attitudes of carelessness towards the controlled elements and a confined and repetitious response to spontaneity in playing†5. Freeing oneself from the page became an important part of the experimental aesthetic. Conscientious performers feel a responsibility to the composer, and to their own integrity. Over-complexity in notation leads to problems with the realisation of the composer's intentions when directives are inevitably contravened through necessity. However, a performer would really have to be familiar with a composer's aesthetic to know that this otherwise unacceptable act is part of the piece's implicit significance. So, in a piece of huge complexity, notated or otherwise, a player who makes the ‘act of commitment'6 to study and attempt to decipher it, is likely to have a legitimate interest in actually performing the piece. One element which appears to permeate much of Cardew's output is a re-evaluation of the role between composer and performer. Cardew attached as much importance to the workings within the implementation of performance as the end-result in sound. His wish was to challenge accepted ways of thinking about, and making, music, which led to a notation which was action-oriented, inclusive and descriptive, not prescriptive. As suggested by the above quote, ‘†¦ he sound [becomes] a by-product of the activity, which is therefore specified exactly, while the sound may be left to look after itself. ‘ 7 Cardew writes of ‘a notation', as in ‘there are many notational possibilities'. How, though, can a notation really capture every conceivable piece of information about a piece? Obviously, ‘conventional' notation, that is notation which covers time-pitch relationships, is not flexible enough to relate extended compositional requirements. â€Å"†¦ The whole process depends on the choice of a suitable notation to serve as a link between A [composer] and B [performer]; one which will both express what needs to be expressed and allow information to flow smoothly between the two. â€Å"8 Even so, composers are less concerned with the relationship of the score to the performer, and consequently the sounds (A to C via B), than to their own concerns with sounds, without due consideration for the act of performing these sounds (A to C). Cardew suggests that a composer could work on their notation with the way a performer will interpret the signs in mind, thus ‘making the sounds' you wanted as a composer. Transcribing one's ideas in such a manner as to enable the performer to comprehend your directives, and even involve the player in decision-making, is a performance-perspective oriented view, having the added benefit of lending greater objectivity to the compositional task. ‘†¦ A paradigm that grew up in the early twentieth century†¦ aw the composer as some kind of absolute genius capable of imagining a perfect performance of a piece'9 The ‘tendency towards greater explicitness'10, which this comment infers, is part of a paradigm of composition far removed from the way composition was historically defined. Yet, the morphology of every new notation, and the consequential absence of a ‘norm of common notational practice', meant that immediate recognition of a composer's intentions became impracticable. 11 One underlying issue to be addressed in greater depth is that of the relationship between composer and performer. Hugo Cole states that ‘notation evolved to meet felt but inarticulate needs'12 When new methods of notation are devised in response to the need to articulate a newly developed style of composition, composers move the hypothetical goalposts further away again from the performer, as they have to once again learn the new language, interpret again the new signs and work out what the piece (or the composer) is trying to ‘say'. This applies in equal measure to determinate music and experimental, though the degree of freedom lent to the performer in the latter case deems it in many ways a more satisfying task. It somehow restores the performer's role as musically intelligent interpreter, relied upon to add the nuances and subtleties that (traditional) notation cannot accommodate. The rigidity of a notation must have relevance to the playing situation. To provide contrasting examples; the notations in many works by Brian Ferneyhough are complex attempts to notate those aspects of music which would otherwise be added -unconsciously or consciously-by the performer. This style of notation does not have the effect of reducing the burden on the performer, but adds to the already substantial amount of information the performer has to transmute into sound. In music of the New Complexity: performer is subjugated and manipulated, concluding that his efforts are of secondary importance. The act of writing, the systems and the notation take on more importance than the music it is there to serve†¦ '13Yet, Ferneyhough's scores are more than mere receptacles for ‘performance directions', they are inextricably linked to the composer's ideology. Their complexity is wildly challenging, but, paradoxically, the goal is not to fit in every event on every note; rather, the essence of his works lies in what is omitted in performance. This has a potent psychological effect on the classically-trained performer, accustomed to polished performances true to the composers wishes. With Ferneyhough, what he wishes is effectively equivocal, due in part to his documented changing views of his own output. Frederic Rzewski concludes that ‘†¦ it is not the notation but the compositional position that presents the performance problem. '14 We must additionally consider the example of those composers of equally complex, some may say impractical, music, who are also renowned performing exponents of their own scores; for example Michael Finnissy. By the nature of their enterprise, they are forced to consider the performer and, in Finnissy's case, continue to write music of such paradoxical complexity that, if one was to follow the score, is full of â€Å"errors† in performance, but still faithful to its essence. ‘The composer-performer [reacts] to their own notational problems, they know what idiomatic writing is being performers themselves and still choose to write music in a particular style'15 To contrast, take composer Glenn Branca's Symphony no. 6 ‘Devil Choirs at the Gates of Heaven', written in the main for electric guitars. He employs ‘staff notation', and no dynamic markings are evident as, naturally, the resultant dynamic of a piece of this nature will be at least fortissimo. Ironically, Branca's use of conventional notation links to his perception of it as being ‘exact': I had never written the pieces in staff notation until I wrote for the orchestra. Then I fell in love with the idea of having things so exact, with this notation, that I called up all my musicians [guitarists] and asked †can you guys read music? † It turned out that everybody could†¦ so we just started doing everything in staff notation. Not only did it make things clearer for me and the musicians, but it did change the music. 16 Branca's closing comment that ‘it did change the music' makes for interesting side-thought. For him, there were no subtleties or nuances that could not be recorded using this type of notation; in fact, it helped him to clarify and articulate his thoughts, correlating with the idea that notation must reflect the playing situation. The music of Christian Wolff embodies a similar aim to Cardew's, encouraging performer participation in the creation of a work and devising notations which allow such interaction. Theirs is an ‘aesthetic of non-intention', away from the conventional burdens of music: [music] must make possible the freedom and dignity of the performers. It should have in it a persistent capacity to surprise (even the performers themselves and the composer)'17 He creates deliberate paradoxical situations where what is written cannot be executed, for example in 6 Players where he asks one of the solo violas to ‘play eight notes in a quarter of a second, including three harmonics and one pizzicato'18. His use of indeterminacy in performance opens the work to external influences genuinely beyond the composer's intentions, and the barrier between performer and composer is reduced. 19 This use of indeterminate operations necessarily led to new attitudes towards performance. A working example of experimental notation is Cardew's Octet '61 [Example 1, below], which employs ‘an ambiguous ciphered notation, the working out of which by each performer leads to unforeseeable combinations of events that could be produced neither by strict composition nor by free improvisation. 20 As we have seen, ‘simple' notation does not necessarily equal many possible interpretations, and on the same line, an elaborate notation such as Cardew's can permit varied interpretation. The psychological impact of how the music looks on the page invites varied readings; the printed page is a storage medium where an inevitably incomplete representation of ‘notateable' ideas can be retained for the future. The fact that this aspect of the work does not change over time, like a painting or a book, does not mean that the piece will not change and evolve. Art's ability to carry societal properties, to evolve and reflect changing times is surely part of its value. The search for greater notational control led to greater complexity, yet the early influence of the possibilities of electronic music must have contributed to this pursuit. Peter Zinofieff spoke of an early ideal, satisfied by electronic composition, where ‘we can each have our own private language specially tailored for our own machines and individual needs or frustrations' 21 Ultimately, though, the performer's job is ‘to make the relationships and patterns in the music clear to the listener's mind and ear'22. This hope, though, displaces the enduring problems which lie between composers and those who are employed to realise the work, be they human or otherwise.

At&t in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

At&t in China - Essay Example AT&T also needed to reconsider how its decentralized organizational structure could serve as a barrier in China where product pricing are mixed up with other factors in sealing contracts. Another barrier to be faced with a long-term view was that telecoms sector in China would probably remain a heavy regulated industry for a long-time. Like media and utilities, the telecoms industry is a sector that Chinese authorities would not trust wholly into the hands of foreigners because of its national security implications. It must be assumed that since AT&T already signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) in February 1993 with the Chinese authorities allowing AT&T to offer its broad array of services in the country albeit jointly with the Chinese government meant that at even with the regulated aspect of the telecom industry, the company had been given room to negotiate terms in their undertakings. And even when the United States threatened to tie China's human rights record to the renewal of its Most Favored Nation Status - AT&T, being the America's biggest telecom firm was at an opportune time to use it to leverage its influence on the US government and use it to negotiate some favorable terms from the Chinese government. To be able to compete in China, AT&T needed to address three fronts so as to keep up with the challenge - first, the heavy regulated aspect of the Chinese telecommunicat... whose focus is to provide direct telephone services as could be seen in its primary operations in the United States was a challenge in China where providing actual telephone services was closed off to foreign companies. It must then re-focus on manufacturing and systems and network infrastructure build-up for the state enterprise agencies responsible for purchase of telecom equipment at least for the short term while actual provision of telephone services were yet closed off. The decision of whether to embark on a national manufacturing strategy must be deferred according to the set-up of the telecom industry in China, where economic decision making had been decentralized to the local government units.1 AT&T could focus building manufacturing plants on targeted locations based on which provinces or regions offer the best deals in terms of market access, tax breaks, availability of manpower, availability of competitive facilities and utilities, etc. But first it must explore venues to establish joint ventures with local Chinese companies especially in the field of 5ESS switch manufacturing, VLSI manufacturing, network management expertise, R&D with Bell Labs, optical transmission manufacturing, wireless manufacturing, customer premises equipment manufacturing, training, systems integration, and network service offerings.2 The strategy of having local Chinese partners would greatly help a foreign company such as AT&T to smoothen relationships with Chinese telecom regulators. Local partners would also offer valuable insights into the unique aspects of the Chinese market, with the special note that AT&T in 1993 had very few years of experience in terms of international or global strategizing. The importance of local partners takes an even more importance as the foreign

Cross Cultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cross Cultural Communication - Essay Example Part 1 International Journal of Cross Cultural Management (IJCCM) In managing of the global conflict resolution, attention should be given to cross cultural factors. Whereas the value of culture in managerial behavior has long been acknowledged, intellects of political science are still coming to terms with the perception and its repercussions. Conventional approaches to disagreement stress the dominance of the state while overlooking several the distinctive internal features, which vary between nations. Foulkes & Bercovitch view culture indeed has a weighty outcome on how nations view the world, conduct themselves in it, and handle their conflicts. Culture has become crucial in the existing environment, where largely conflict occurs frequently between factions, alienated along cultural lines, within a nation. Evaluation of the relevance of ideas, and cultural differences does undeniably have a substantial impact on arbitration and conflict resolution. The journal also elaborates the effects of effective communication and motivation in a cross-cultural environment. European Journal of Cross-Cultural Competence and Management (EJCCM) This journal explains the extensive field of cross-cultural examination with an allusion to an organization in practice. The chief purpose is the establishment of a podium for the debate on cultural matters in current industry across several disciplines and cultures. In the spirit of its founding organization, EJCCM influences contributions from dissimilar fields of science involved in the interrelations and relations amid culture. The journal encourages papers about the dynamics of cross-cultural interactions in Europe. Key challenges Building of trust between employees and management of an organization is very important. Group members should be capable to rely on each other’s words and work as a team. Trust is a considerable challenge in cross-cultural groups, as people only tend to trust those from their nations and the sa me culture (Thomas, & Thomas, 2008, 134). Trust building is beneficial if the team leader and team members working together at a similar location for a long time, despite diverse nationalities (Steers, Sa?nchez-R, & Nardon, 2010, 213). Managing of people from different nationalities has different convictions and perceptions. This diversity makes it a challenge to manage them especially when a conflict occurs. Bosses need to apply different leadership styles in dealing with conflict (Velo, 2012, 40). Managing of language and cultural issues is another challenge. In any conflict resolution, communication is inevitable. In managing of a cross-cultural conflict, where different people speak various languages, it is essential for individuals to appreciate one another (Velo, 2012, 40). Synchronizing the languages and cultural aspects to enable people have a common ground remains a challenge (Thomas, & Thomas, 2008, 134). As a team leader, working with members from different cultures has b een a vast experience. Every step in the team was a learning experience. The group taught us that diversity is strength. The tasks assigned to us went well as we were able to respect each other’s opinions to find a common ground. We remained objective during the entire session focusing on the group’s mandate and not personal mandate. From a management point of view, we learnt tolerance, empathy and respect. Since we are from different backgrounds, there was a need for

American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

American Dream - Essay Example The origins of Development of American dream can be traced back to WW2. At that time, the economy had been ripped off due to war and the ultimate objective of any American at that time was to secure a steady income along with an ownership of the house. This goal led to increased ethical values along with hardworking, honest and dedicated individuals. The ordinary focus at that time was on community system where people lived with families and were interconnected with each other. This was the primary source of pride and joy for the people. The nation prospered and wholesome value system developed over the period of time (Geela, 2004). In the 21st Century, the American dream has been commercialized and has become more of a marketing concept. The marketing agencies and politicians have been able to convince the people that having a second home, vacation at least once a month in Europe and then purchasing expensive jewelry and equipment is necessary in order to achieve a status in the society. This had led to development of unethical values in the society and destroyed the ongoing prosperity leaving a materialistic aspect in individuals. These values have been deep rooted in the society and are now becoming a major source of all evils in the society. Individuals have started believing that things can bring happiness and prosperity, rather than values. The example of Christmas holiday fits the best. Christmas has been diverted from family meals towards gifts and shopping. Consumerism is the need of the hour since it leads to increased spending patterns across the society, leading to debt perpetuity. The overall concep t have changed, and Americans have started believing that ones with the most wealth and assets live more as compared to the ones who have more happiness. This has led to borrowing of higher amount of debts more than one’s ability to payback. As a result, most of the Americans defaulted and were not able to payback which led to confiscation of their assets and belongings. These people are now depressed, jobless and homeless. This increased debt borrowing also leads to the collapse of the whole financial system. The Subprime mortgage in 2008 was purely based on this explanation. Mortgage brokers distributed the loans under the banner of American Dream and people with poor credit worthiness borrowed; they were not cross examined by the lending institutions. As a result, they were unable to payback which had a busting effect on real estate industry and collapse of major financial institutions which trickled down across the globe. The American Dream is more of a materialistic appr oach towards achieving success and joy in life rather than a positive approach. Innovation, determination, integrity, community, social and ethical values were the true spirits of American behavior which are now covered in a cloak of fraud, unethical practices, ignoring the family and promoting consumerism among the people (Luttwak, 2010). From the downfall of Enron to huge government deficits and escalating inflation, everything is destroyed due to severity of unethical behavior in government and companies. The educational system has been subjected to degradation and the family system has been broken down. The children are separated from their parents and then

Contemporary Art and Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporary Art and Theory - Essay Example The essay "Contemporary Art and Theory" talks about Theory and Contemporary Art. It should be noted that contemporary art cannot be treated in isolation of the 1960-1970 period apparently due to the fact that this period alone excited much interest than any other art historical period. It was an era characterized by uncompromising critical artistic practices with leading figures like August Rodin, Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso featuring very prominently. The period between 1960 to 1970 serves a significant purpose within the context of the discussion here fundamentally for a couple of reasons; it was within this period that the advent of the terms â€Å"postmodernism† and â€Å"modernism† made their debut imprint on the industry. Thus on this premise it can be said that this period served as the birth place of what we have today. In other words, the whole story began right there leading to what we have today. In addition, this period also provides a comprehensive time scale to facilitate the process of classifying the various artistic movements with particular relevance to their significance to our contemporary art. The usage of the term â€Å"concept† is said to have begun in the early 1960s, however the impact of it was heavily felt in the latter period of that decade with the advent of the works of people like Joseph Kossuth that opened the door for it to receive a concretized recognition as a movement. It is not widely now agreed that conceptual art is the precursor of conceptualism in contemporary art.

Discuss the problems faced by not for profit organisations Essay

Discuss the problems faced by not for profit organisations establishing meaningful performance measures for control purposes - Essay Example Such goals require they follow a particular legal scrutiny within their organizational structure and strong leadership that utilizes its resources to achieve that goal. A not for profit organization begins its role generally for an altruistic purpose, and is centered on the motivations of their entrepreneurs1. Hence it can be deduced that most of the effort towards the organization’s goal is led by leadership of the entrepreneur. Not-for-profit organizations may be registered are corporations but they do not issue shares, so they are either headed by an entrepreneur, a board of governors, board of trustees or board of directors. Not for profit organizations also enjoy the benefit of tax exemption, a common liberty from most governments to encourage such organizations. Nevertheless these organization are also closely checked by the government through three modes of governance2: The media in the general course of business does the effective work of a watchdog in terms of looking out for fraudulent activity in any sector. Their responsibility to bring publicity makes NFP a part of their agenda well. NFPs have a Board of Directors or Donors who are part and parcel of the company serving as owners. As they all commit to a common interest, the Board also ensures they are meeting their target mission effectively and their money is being properly spent. Besides these external forces of performance measures, there is are ways to measure performance internally like other organizations. For not for profit organizations they face much more difficulty while measuring their performance because their bottom-line is no longer in terms of money. Since their objective is generally to meet some socially desirable need of a community or its members, none of them can be quantified perfectly3. As important as performance measure is for the prosperity of any organization, each NFP organization develops its own criteria for developing performance. When a need

Environmental Science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental Science - Research Paper Example According to all peer-reviewed scientific studies, if the quantity of greenhouse gasses being spewed into the air by automobiles, power plants and factories is not greatly reduced and quickly, the earth and its inhabitants will experience catastrophic consequences in the not too distant future. This paper will discuss the viability of various alternative fuels such as hydrogen, bio- fuels, solar, geothermal and nuclear sources which if put into practice on a wide scale would significantly reduce air pollution and perhaps circumvent the predicted effects. One solution to reducing automobile emissions may be found in vegetable fields. The conversion of corn or beets into ethanol is promoted by scientists as an environmentally and economically sound solution to global climate change concerns. However, this is hardly a new revelation. Rudolf Diesel, in 1897, fifteen years after the inventing the engine named after him said â€Å"The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insign ificant today. But such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as petroleum and the coal products of the present time† (Boles, 2005). ... Bio-fuels are derived from a readily accessible source and emit no pollutants. The most familiar kind, Ethanol, is a vegetable oil which is most often be mixed with gasoline and bio-diesel. It can be burned by diesel engines without altering the engine. Ethanol, a ‘green’ fuel, could be used as a bridge to the future of consumption and energy production because it can be used in existing engines unlike hydrogen. Another by-product of the bio-fuels industry is tit will ‘fuel’ the growth of agricultural businesses. Regrettably, it takes significantly more energy (from high-grade gasoline) to create ethanol than it produces. It takes approximately70 percent more energy to produce a gallon of ethanol than is contained in a gallon of ethanol. In addition, â€Å"fossil fuel is used in the production of corn or any crop used for ethanol and by increasing ethanol production will increase degradation of vital agricultural and water resources and will seriously contr ibute to the pollution of the environment† (Pimentel, 1998, p. 5). European country’s both produce and consume close to 90 percent of the world’s bio-fuel. Brazil makes up most of the remaining 10 percent. Brazil produces more bio-fuel than it consumes and does not import crude oil. The South American nation is energy independent and among the lowest producers, by capita, of greenhouse gasses. The quantity of bio-fuels produced and consumed is predicted to grow significantly over the next decade. â€Å"It is possible that (bio-fuels) could represent as much as 20 percent of all on-road diesel used in Brazil, Europe, China and India by the year 2020† (â€Å"Biodiesel†, 2006). In the U.S., the production of bio-fuels grew six-times during a two year period

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 42

Personal Statement Example Through wide reading about issues pertaining to human relations across different parts of the globe, I have come to realise that law is an indispensable component of our lives. In fact, it is an integral part of our lives. I am strongly convinced that societies could not be governable the absence of law. To that effect, different laws are promulgated by different nations in order to govern the conduct of human behaviour so that they do not transgress against the standard expectations with regard to how they should behave. However, law is one subject area that is often misunderstood by many people. Basically, law is designed for people and by people but it seems that many individuals often fail to interpret law correctly. As a result, their rights may be violated through ignorance of the law. Against this background, I have developed a keen interest in understanding and mastering different aspects of law particularly the concept of corporate law. This is a new dispensation in law and I would like to gain more knowledge and insight about it. Currently, I am a final year law student and I have a keen interest in pursuing my studies in the same area. After completion of my first degree, I would like to proceed to Masters Degree in corporate law from a reputable institution. I have been greatly inspired by the education system in England and I can proudly say that I would like to pursue my Masters Degree in law in this great country. I have been attracted to this country through numerous visits that my family and I have had from my early childhood. Along the years, I became familiar with its streets, buildings shops and the ideology of its people and how to deal with them. Moreover, I love the language, especially after attending an English school in my country. The UK is also known for its prestigious academics, having numerous universities ranking top in the world. I am convinced that the British curriculum is

ENVS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

ENVS - Essay Example Hayes, astrazine cause development of ovaries in male frogs. One advantage of animal testing is that it helps researchers to discover treatments for both animals and humans. One of the disadvantages of animal testing is that it can be misleading since animals may react to drugs in different ways as humans. In addition, animal testing leads to mistreatment of animals. Testing on animals is justified because it has helped researchers to discover many effective treatments. Additionally, animals should be used because their lives have less value compared to humans. Testing upon animals can give accurate results because the bodies of most animals used for tests function like humans. Scientists have proved that lab animals and humans do not have big difference. In addition, most of the drugs used today were discovered through animals testing. For instance, antibiotics and HIV drugs used by humans today gave positive results when tested on animals. Other methods of testing are less effective compared to animal testing. In addition, surgery and organ transplant techniques used on humans today were acquired through animals testing. Tyrone says that rats are the most relevant animals used to simulate humans in laboratories. Humans cannot be used in labs tests because it will be unethical to expose to humans chemicals during lab tests. According to him, the use of rats produces accurate results because rats have regular reproduction, genetic purity and many resemblances to human biology (Hayes). If I were a farmer, would not use atrazine to increase my crop yield. This is because the herbicide will only increase yields for a short period since it causes land degradation. Additionally, it will negatively affect my health. Research outcomes show that it causes obesity and cell mutation. Additional ways of increasing crop yield apart from using chemicals encompass organic farming. In organic farming, one uses decomposed animal products or plants to fertilize

Agreed Ways of Working Essay Example for Free

Agreed Ways of Working Essay Agreed ways of working is following the companies’ policy and procedures within the care plan given to each service user and care plans within The Manor. The policies and procedures document will give you all the information you need to know within your role and place of work, it explains how you should do your job, for example it translates policies into working practice such as a manual handling procedure will tell you how to undertake a risk assessment and will cover all the stages of the process. It’s care workers duty of care to keep service users safe by following policies and procedures and working within their job role. The Importance of Having Full and Up-To Date Details of The Agreed Ways of Working: You are required by law to ensure that policies and procedures in your work place are followed correctly; it is your legal responsibility to do so by a number of laws and regulations that govern practice in the workplace which include, The Health and Safety at Work Act, The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations and The Date Protection Act. They should be updated during supervisions and staff meetings and social care workers should make themselves familiar with the policies and procedures provided as they are updated. Why It Is Important That The Social Care Workers Follow Guidance About The Limits Of Their Job Role: It is important that the social care workers follow the guidance about the limits of their job role to ensure the safety of all concerned such as the social care worker themselves, colleagues and others at all times within your work role. Safeguarding the individual from any harm or/and abusive situations to protect the individual. Ensure that you have been trained to the right level of standards that your clients need so that they receive the best possible care whilst in your care to suit their needs.

Initiatives for Afghan Women Involvement with Politics

Initiatives for Afghan Women Involvement with Politics Key Initiatives Education:  Investing in girls’ education is the single most effective development decision a country can make. Beyond doubling the skilled workforce, this investment results in healthier young women, delayed marriages, and healthier children in the families that these educated young women create. Under the Taliban, fewer than 900,000 boys – and no girls – were enrolled in Afghanistan’s schools.Today, more than 6.2 million students are enrolled in Afghan schools, 35 percent of whom are girls. Although educational indicators remain poor in Afghanistan – and are worse for women who have only a 21 percent literacy rate – USG initiatives are removing barriers and opening doors. Since 2001, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) repaired or built more than 670 schools, printed 69 million textbooks, and improved the qualifications of 54,000 Afghan teachers in instructional methodologies, subject knowledge and professional attitudes. These programs have expanded and improved the quality of community-based education in areas where there are no government schools.USG assistance has extended to 18 provinces, 1,565 communities, more than 43,000 children (60 percent of whom are girls), and 1,565 teachers. In the last fiscal year, we provided literacy training and instruction in productive skills to more than 100,000 people from over 1,500 communities in 20 provinces. We are committed to working with the government of Afghanistan to further expand these programs, and to enhance the female literacy rate and women’s and girls’ access to formal and informal education at all levels. Security:  We continue to urge the Afghan government to protect women leaders, and to take seriously the everyday threats against women and girls by extremists who try to discourage school attendance by destroying schools or throwing acid on young schoolgirls. We support and admire the bravery and determination of Afghan families and the Afghan girls who insist their access to education in the face of such threats. Our programs provide greater protection to girls’ schools and health facilities, for example by building protective walls when requested. We are increasing women’s participation in the security sector through both recruitment and promotion of women as well as training on gender-related topics for men with the Afghan National Police and Afghan National Army.From 2003 to the present, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) programs have trained over 500 female police officers to play a stronger role regarding women’s issues within the police force; 166 of those officers are employed in Family Response Units (FRUs) devoted to domestic violence cases. Our assistance has improved the number and capacity of FRUs that respond to cases of violence against women; U.S. mentors have worked with over three dozen FRUs in 10 provinces. These FRUs addressed 897 cases during 2009. Our programs also conduct outreach to Afghan communities to teach them about the FRUs and to encourage women affected by violence to make use of their services. Political Process:  For women to have a voice in their nation’s political process, they need to be able to participate in all levels of government. They need to be represented in greater numbers in civil service positions, and they need to have an active role in the peace process. UN Security Council Resolution 1325 reaffirms the need to include women in deliberations on international peace and security at all stages, including conflict resolution and post-conflict planning and peace-building. Their voices need to be heard, not only because they have the right to participate in the decisions that affect their lives, but also because their experiences and perspectives improve the quality of the resulting policies. Women’s involvement in all Afghan conflict-resolution processes is a USG priority. Women’s caucuses are being strengthened in Parliament and their leadership developed in the civil service through professional exchange programs and technical assistance. We have increased the number of male and female Parliamentarians educated about the principles of equal rights that are enshrined in the Afghan Constitution. We need to encourage the expansion of existing national and international scholarships for women, as well as expanding the number of existing internship programs for women in Afghan Ministries, and are looking at funding options in this regard. In March, we are launching a program for emerging female leaders from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the U.S. where they will receive diplomatic training. In advance of Parliamentary elections this fall, we are making use of public outreach and education as well as financial support to Afghan-led civic education programs for men and women in order to encourage women’s greater electoral participation, both as candidates and as voters. We have supported training for female members of Parliament and women leaders elected at the grassroots level on how to be more effective and capable leaders. Rule of Law and Human Rights:  Some progress has been made in the area of women’s human rights, but much remains to be done. Violence against women and girls is endemic, including domestic abuse, rape, forced marriages, forced prostitution, kidnappings, and so-called â€Å"honor† killings. This violence cannot be explained away as cultural; it is criminal, and must be addressed as such. The overall USG justice strategy explicitly refers to the need to ensure that women’s rights are promoted and protected by Afghan justice systems. Central to that objective is the need to intertwine women’s rights within both the formal and traditional sectors – and to ensure that USG funding for traditional justice programs provides a platform for supporting, rather than diminishing, women’s rights. Afghan women and girls can still be sent to prison for â€Å"moral crimes,† including fleeing domestic violence or eloping. Many State Department Programs help civil society organizations and Afghan policy makers advocate for reform of such discriminatory laws, including the Gender Justice component of JSSP, the Increasing Women’s Rights and Access to Justice in Afghanistan program, and the Advancing Human Rights and Women’s Rights within an Islamic Framework program. Our programs also train and educate male and female police officers, prosecutors, defense attorneys, corrections officers and others in civil society in the fair interpretation and application of the sections of the penal code that affect women.From January to mid-August 2009, 109 women and 905 men participated in INL-funded Justice Sector Support Program (JSSP) trainings and professional development opportunities.Some training topics focused on violence against women issues, including gender justice training for lawyers, victim advocacy training (with UNIFEM), gender justice training for corrections officers, and gender justice training for Family Response Unit police officers. When women are imprisoned, INL programs help examine why women are incarcerated and whether it is safe for them to return after their release, as well as advocate for humane treatment and the provision of education during and after incarceration. With regard to women’s involvement in local shuras, we work to link the state and traditional systems of governance to encourage them to isolate and reject traditional practices that harm women while harnessing and strengthening elements that reinforce women’s equality and access to justice. Our INL programs also provide counseling and shelter services to women affected by domestic violence. To build on these services, we are mobilizing attorneys, government officials, and the public to combat violence against women and trafficking in persons.We are encouraging the re-establishment of the Afghan women judges association, and we support the development of an Afghan women lawyer’s network. We exert moral suasion to promote human rights in Afghanistan by building awareness of the provisions and obligations of the international treaties and agreements to which Afghanistan is a signatory. The United States continues to support the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC). In addition, we support the courageous progressive voices within Afghanistan, including the movements that successfully engaged with the Afghan government in 2009 to excise and redraft the most restrictive and objectionable sections of the Shia Personal Status Law , although some concerns remain.We continue to support the swift implementation and strict enforcement of the Elimination of Violence Against Women law. We engage women on how they can use their roles and influence within the family and community to combat the spread of violent extremist ideologies and to cultivate support for women’s development. We put our extensive PRT presence to use in extending public outreach on women’s issues beyond the cities. With increased civilian expertise at PRTs we are more actively able to identify key women leaders, determine the needs of women in local communities, and identify and provide appropriate assistance. In many areas, these experts are able to ensure that women’s shuras are consulted on development projects and have a say in local development matters. Health:  Progress on women’s health has been substantial since 2002, but challenges clearly remain. Even after significant improvement, Afghanistan is still estimated to have the second-highest maternal mortality rate in the world. Other health indicators for women, particularly in reproductive health, are similarly low. Drug addiction is also a problem among Afghan women and their children. INL funds the only three residential drug treatment centers for women, with adjacent child care and treatment facilities, in Kabul, Herat, and Balkh. Three new centers will open in Farah, Badakhshan, and Nangarhar provinces during 2010. With USG assistance, women’s access to health care has risen dramatically since 2001. The number of midwives available to assist with deliveries has quadrupled; the number of health facilities with women health workers has more than doubled. According to a study by Johns Hopkins University, antenatal care went visits went up sevenfold from 2003 to 2006. With more women receiving proper care from trained health workers during pregnancy and delivery, Afghans are seeing better outcomes for women and newborns. We will continue to expand these existing programs to further increase women’s access to health services, to essential medicines, family planning, and pre- and postnatal care so that women have access to the services and information they require for good health. During Ambassador Verveer’s trip to Afghanistan this past June, she and Ambassador Eikenberry announced the start of a small grants program to support gender equality in Afghanistan. The three-year USD 26.3 million program has recently made its first grants to women-led NGOs in the diverse areas of training in mechanized lace embroidery for sale, computer and English skills, radio programming for women, and the provision of dairy cows for women’s agricultural initiatives. In all these ways, through the small grants programs and through other economic initiatives, Afghan women are improving their own lives and those of their families

Good and Evil Angel

Good and Evil Angel The play begins with the Chorus informing the audience about the main character, Faustus, a scholar, like Icarus, [whose] waxen wings did mount above his reach (Prologue, 21). In the very first scene of the play, Faustus talks about philosophy, medicine, law, and theology and is hesitant about all. Lastly he chooses to study magic. He rejects theology. He is glutted more with conceit (Scene I, 18) and he prefers black magic to what he preferred before; he asserts: . . . Divinity, adieu! (Scene I, 48), that is, he rejects to be in heaven and reunite with God. The Good and the Evil Angel that appear in several parts of the play are both real and symbolic; they represent Faustus inner conflict. They appear in the most dramatic scenes where Faustus is in conflict. They appear offering advice as Faustus is preparing to sign in blood a contract so as to give his soul to Lucifer. They also appear at the time Faustus is talking to Mephistopheles about repenting. Here, while Good Angel urges Faustus to repent and wish Gods mercy, Evil Angel tells him not to repent. Finally he agrees with Evil Angel. GOOD ANGEL. O Faustus, lay that damned book aside, And gaze not on it, lest it tempt thy soul, And heap Gods heavy wrath upon thy head: Read, read the Scriptures; that is blasphemy. EVIL ANGEL. Go forward, Faustus, in that famous art, Wherein all natures treasury is contained: Be thou on earth as Jove is in the sky, Lord and commander of these elements. [Exeunt] (Scene I, 70-77) GOOD ANGEL. Sweet Faustus, leave that execrable art. FAUSTUS. Contrition, prayer, repentance: what of them? GOOD ANGEL. O they are means to bring thee unto heaven. EVIL ANGEL. Rather illusions, fruits of lunacy, That makes men foolish that do trust them most. (Scene V, 15-19) The angels do appear at the same time in the play; and they leave together as well. Interestingly enough, it is always the Good Angel that appears first and it is Evil Angel that speaks the last words. If we think of the angels symbolically, the Good Angels appearing first probably refers to Faustus conscience and Evil Angels last words may symbolize Faustus self-temptation. Valdes and Cornelius magicians will teach Faustus black arts. As Faustus is about to sign in blood a contract so as to give his soul to Lucifer, the Good and Evil Angels enter again. As Faustus signs the contract he asks about hell, however convince himself that hells a fable (Scene V, 126) despite Mephistopheles honest response: FAUSTUS. Was not that Lucifer an angel once? MEPHIST. Yes Faustus, and most dearly loved of God. FAUSTUS. How comes it then that he is prince of devils? MEPHIST. O, by aspiring pride and insolence, For which God threw him from the face of heaven. FAUSTUS. And what are you that live with Lucifer? MEPHIST. Unhappy spirits that fell with Lucifer, Conspired against our God with Lucifer, And are for ever damned with Lucifer. FAUSTUS. Where are you damned? MEPHIST. In hell. FAUSTUS. How comes it then that thou art out of hell? MEPHIST. Why this is hell, nor am I out of it. Thinkst thou that I, who saw the face of God, And tasted the eternal joys of heaven, Am not tormented with ten thousand hells In being deprived of everlasting bliss! O Faustus, leave these frivolous demands, Which strike a terror to my fainting soul. (Scene IV, 64-82) There is the question of choice in the play. Faustus has chosen to sign the contract. He is completely free in his choice since Mephistopheles is quite honest in his attitude. Faustus fault here is to ignore repentance as an alternative. He also misunderstands the concept of hell, thinking that it is just physical torment. Faustus is unaware about the fact that hell is a kind of psychological torment which is in fact a part of his tragedy. In the fifth scene, Faustus asks Mephistopheles who made the world (Scene V, 237). Mephistopheles avoids answering Faustus question and introduces seven deadly sins: Pride, Covetousness, Envy, Wrath, Gluttony, Sloth, and Lechery (Scene V, 276). In changing the spectacle to the Seven Deadly Sins, Marlowe has not only opened the way for some moral satire, but he has purposely and ironically presented the pageant as the visible gratification of Faustus. Faustus himself responds with the greatest delight, blasphemously comparing his joy in the procession with Adams joy at the sight of Paradise on the day of his creation. Delight in the Seven Deadly Sins is a far cry from the answer to who made the world, and it is not without point that, after this episode, Faustus makes no more speculative inquiries of any kind. (Cole 1962, 214) As Fermor asserts, the character of Faustus is not that of one man, but of man himself, of Everyman (Fermor 84). In Everyman the tragic flaw pride, wilfulness causes blindness to the nature and destiny of man; . . . hubris destroys the understanding of the nature and limitations of knowledge (Cole 1962, 234). Faustus actions are completely humane. As Cole has suggested, Faustus never causes anyones death (Cole 1995, 124); he causes his own damnation. Dr. Faustus suggests that because human beings are creatures in whom good and evil are tragically intermingled, the process of purification which the magicians described is impossible. The human aspiration to attain a godlike status and to exert benevolent control over history is almost inevitably corrupted by selfish desires for wealth, sensual indulgence, and political power. The refusal to admit this is Faustus fatal error, as is perfectly clear when he reads from Jeromes Bible: If we say that we haue no sinne, / We deceiue our selues (69-70). (Mebane 135) The theme of appearance versus reality is an important one throughout the play. Faustus confuses appearance and reality and wants to go beyond what he sees. By Aristotelian definition, a tragedy is about a hero whose fatal flaw ends himself. Doctor Faustus is a typical Aristotelian tragedy where a man of high importance a scholar out of pride, sells his soul to Devil. The tragic downfall of the hero is when he signs the contract with the devil. There is also catharsis in the Aristotelian sense; the audiences feel pity and fear; pity for Faustus suffering his tragedy, then fear of themselves putting themselves in Faustus place. Faustus can repent before the end of the play but he prefers not to; he misleads himself: FAUSTUS: My hearts so hardned I cannot repent! Scarce can I name salvation, faith, or heaven, But fearful echoes thunders in mine ears, Faustus, thou are damned (Scene V, 192-95) And long ere this I should have slain my self, Had not sweet pleasure conquered deep despair. Have not I made blind Homer sing to me Of Alexanders love, and Oenons death? (Scene V, 195-98). Why should I die then, or basely despair? I am resolved! Faustus shall neer repent. (Scene V, 205- 206) Doctor Faustus represents the attitudes of Renaissance England, it symbolizes the Renaissance individual who wants to go beyond his perception. Marlowe reflects the Renaissance perception of reason that gives human beings the power to discern, as well as the power to choose and finally forms the basis for moral responsibility (Cole 1995, 127). Thus Faustus himself is responsible for his own actions; it is Faustus who causes his own fall. He suffers from personal responsibility of free human choice and the inevitable consequences of his own choice. Primary Source(s) Marlowe, Christopher. Doctor Faustus Norton Anthology of English Literature sixth edition vol. 1. Ed. Abrams, M.H. New York: M.H. Norton Company: 1993. Secondary Sources Cole, Douglas. Christopher Marlowe and the Renaissance of Tragedy. Westport, CT.: 1995. _. Suffering and Evil in the Plays of Christopher Marlowe. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press: 1962. Fermor, U.M. Ellis. Christopher Marlowe. London, Methuen: 1927. Mebane, John S. Renaissance Magic and the Return of the Golden Age: The Occult Tradition and Marlowe, Jonson, and Shakespeare. Lincoln, NE., University of Nebraska Press: 1989.

Seamus Heaneys Background and Poetry Essay -- Seamus Heaney Poets Poe

Seamus Heaney's Background and Poetry Seamus Heaney had a Roman Catholic upbringing in a rural area of Northern Ireland. How does his poetry reflect his background? Heaney's poetry is able to reflect his background by his use of language and the technique he expresses his experiences. I will cover his background into three sections: his childhood, the community and his reflections. I will start by looking at his feelings and experiences in the poem 'Death of a Naturalist'. The poet remembers the time when he was a young child. He saw the reality of what frogs were really like in the outdoors compared to what was taught in school. In school, the frogs are described like a typical teacher talking to young pupils. It is very patronising and cosy hiding the fact that they are 'rank', off-putting and sickening in certain ways. For e.g. "the dam gross-bellied frogs were cocked" and " Poised like mud grenades, their blunt heads farting". They are described as being like grenades due to their size, shape, colour and the "scary" croaking noises that the creature makes. It was a new experience for him for he had not heard the noises before," to a coarse croaking that I had not heard before". He did not feel in the right situation and it was like he had never felt like that before. During his experience, he felt insecure, anxious and self-doubting. He puts himself down for he blames himself for the "obscene threats" the frogs were giving him. His use of language is able to quickly adjust the mood from a pleasant school setting to a horrid, smelly and repellent atmosphere. Heaney understood the straightforward and simplistic teachings at school but is bewildered and scared when he approaches the frogs. The po... ... fascinated by her he knows he shouldn't be because she has done wrong. Even though he feels so deeply of this girl he realises how foolish he was by letting them carry on with the punishment; "I who stood dumb". In some cases Heaney is able to use oxymoron in order to describe how society can be a catastrophe at times. He uses the descriptive words "civilized outrage" to show this. He puts two opposite words together to form a different meaning. Hence the word "civilize" and "outrage". Heaney has experienced many tragedies in his life from "Mid Term Break" to "Punishment". He clarifies this using his own expertise of writing to create descriptive poems like these. What must be said about him is how he is talented enough to deliver what is suppose to be delivered, very effectively in order for a reader like me to have such an impact on what is said.

Exploring Subjectivity in Teaching Philosophy :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Exploring Subjectivity in Teaching Philosophy ABSTRACT: In the teaching of philosophy, we need to be connect with everyday life. Students in introductory courses can be more motivated when philosophical problems have personal significance. Take the topic of 'selfhood.' Introductory textbooks generally begin with the oracle at Delphi: "Know thyself!" But this motto is usually treated as the search for general knowledge of the individual or of human nature. Is it possible for a student to acquire some knowledge about him or herself during this course and reflect on it in a philosophically relevant way? Can personal experience help in understanding philosophical concepts such as this one? These are the questions which I address. Since I think that philosophers have yet to develop didactical tools for these purposes, I will present techniques derived from Gestalt therapy which can be useful for the teaching of philosophy. The aim is not change but experience itself, with awareness serving as the basis for philosophical analysis. The characteristics of this experience-based pedagogy are: (1) three dimensional inquiry: questioning basic concepts or assumptions and opening new questions, both based on personal experience; (2) experiential work involving a problem, a theory, and an example; and (3) mutual influence between theory and experience, i.e., an interrelationship between the personal and the 'educational' gestalt. "Know Thyself!" This oracle at Delphi which was Socrates' motto inspires many philosophers but also psychologists and even psychotherapists. Each of them has good reasons for insisting that this is his domain. Several questions could be raised: Was Socrates a philosopher or a 'psychologist'? What kind of knowledge is this self-knowledge? How do these domains differ and do they have something in common? How are they related to spirituality? And many others. My interest, however, is more narrow. Although we can suppose there is an overlap between philosophy, psychology and psychotherapy, in this paper I will focus on the overlap between teaching philosophy and psychotherapy. More precisely: how can Gestalt principles and techniques help in the teaching of the topic of selfhood. I will outline some theoretical background of the importance of Gestalt in relation to didactics of philosophy and describe some possible applications. When I ask whether Socrates was a philosopher or a psychologist, this is also a question about what kind of knowledge is involved. Do I really want to know myself or do I just search for general knowledge about human nature?

Bei Dao’s Poem ‘An End or a Beginning’ Essay

Bei Dao’s Poem ‘An End or a Beginning’ depicts the endless protestors ‘murdered’ by the cruelty of the Cultural Revolution and the continuity of life in search of hope after many lives taken away. The loss of hope looked for â€Å"In every dream† after every day, reinforces the everlastingly hunt of freedom and end of the Cultural Revolution even though it feels just out of grasp and the sacrifice to get there is unavoidable. The setting of the poem in nature where the â€Å"trees†, â€Å"clouds† and â€Å"stars† are, connotes the freedom of the outdoors with no restrictions contrasting with the people living under the unnatural aggression of the Cultural Revolution. The destruction of the people’s freedom is shown in stanza one where someone protests like â€Å"the sun rises† and â€Å"A heavy shadow, like a road Shall run across the land† will destroy the pureness of one’s courage. The sun is like a person’s boldness to ‘stand’ against the Cultural Revolution like the nature of the sun rising and the ‘heavy shadow’ looming over the sun darkens the atmosphere covering all hope and demolishes it like how nature is corrupted by roads built for the selfishness of man. The repeated anticipation of hope can be seen even after the brutality of oppression by the revolution. The persona’s personal response can be seen in stanza five to emphasize the search for the hope of new beginning. The repetition of ‘I look for’ portray the things dreamed for all of which are beautiful images of nature which connote freedom and places of no boundaries. Contrasting this ideal illustration, the actual land with â€Å"A heavy shadow†, â€Å"A sorrowing mist† covered with â€Å"wretched cigarette stubs† all convey negative images of a worn area. The structure of the poem follows similar lines in each stanza except stanza 4 where the word â€Å"towmen† is on its own near the middle of the paragraph. The diction â€Å"towmen† used all alone in one line emphasizes how people are pulled and manipulated by the communists who control the Cultural Revolution. The Yellow River mentioned before the â€Å"towmen† shows how much impact the communists has had as the Yellow River is a very important river in China. By asking if â€Å"even the ropes of the Yellow River† can be controlled is like questioning how the manipulators could be so powerful. As the Poem comes to the end, the stanzas very slightly diminishes to allow the reader feel a less abrupt ending which relates to the sadness of a dying end. Death throughout the poem is constantly mentioned to illustrate its recurrence. Diction such as â€Å"murdered†, â€Å"gone†, â€Å"forever† all convey the permanent lost of lives which cannot be stopped but only replaced and repeated due to the unforgiving violence of the Revolution. The hope of renewing the land can be seen in stanza six where Dao explains how â€Å"fresh blood† needs to be shed in order to help rebuild the land and create new life and hope â€Å"on tomorrow’s branches†. Branches, relating to trees display an image of life and growth which provide â€Å"The ripened fruit† which would mean the country being able to feed and look after itself because of the lives killed to make the land â€Å"fertile† and grow. Repetition is used a lot in the poem. The repetition of ‘Here I stand Replacing another, who has been murdered† represent all the protestors who stood up against the Revolution, died and then replaced and killed again. This is used to exemplify the problem which gives people â€Å"no other choice† but to keep doing it because there is no other way out and hope which is only â€Å"Stars† which â€Å"glimmer in the wind†. Wind being a powerful source contrasts with the small glimmering stars which connote hope emphasize how there is little chance of survival. ‘An End or a Beginning’ uses the strong image of nature to represent the freedom of which is natural with the dark gloomy illustrations of â€Å"clouds†, â€Å"mists† and â€Å"wind† to convey the dark disasters of the Cultural revolution causing devastation and â€Å"growing forests of gravestones† ending lives where hope is already slim increasing loss.

Education, Teaching and Curriculum Essay

Education has always been an important aspect in the course of personal and societal development as a whole. Every individual has an urge and personal willingness to learn valuable information that varies from either practical knowledge o scientific ones. However, all of these relevant informations are very much needed by every individual to be able to develop their own self and become self-sufficient and productive members of the society. Education has many methodologies from which one individual can attain it in a scientifically formulated pattern. This is actually the main pattern accepted and utilized by all educational institution in their formal learning process and even implemented by those who implement informal ones. Gradual and progressive pattern is the most effective and easiest way used in learning process because it mainly accommodates normal brain development and innate learning abilities of the person. In this learning process, the main methodology commonly used in the per curriculum basis encompassing teaching instructions for learning individuals. Curriculum is literally defined in education as a set of courses regarding different classes or subjects offered in different educational institutions such as a school or a university. Embedded in its process are different specific classes for minor and major aspects that are all conjoined in adherence to the course objective of the entire curriculum. This is actually formulated and expressed in terms of its learning outcomes and for the development of the students taking up the said curriculum. Curriculums in general, whatever its subject or class is, are all created to envelope the learning process of individuals learning their specific course to develop and acquire valuable and relevant skills in that specific field. The main learning approach commonly used in the curriculum teaching is based on a set of instruction, which are all directed to guide the students in the gradually process of learning in the curriculum. Instructions are a basic aspect of the learning process. They are all formulated to guide students in their gradual learning process in their respective fields. In educational curriculum, instructions serve as a form of communicated information that has a command and explanation nature. Thus, instructions are descriptive explanations for how an action, behavior, method, or task is to be begun, completed, conducted, or executed. Because of their significant relevance to the learning process of individuals, instructions are explicitly used in the approach system and learning process in a curriculum. Learning instructions are generally formulated and given to students to guide them in discovering and thus learning the different specific informations and processes that are significant in the execution and completion of their respective subjects that are enveloped in their curriculum. With consideration of the definition and significant or the two main aspects in the learning process, curriculum and instruction have a direct relationship with each other. In the education aspect, curriculums are generally composed of specific set of instructions in specific subjects based on its respective course. Instruction are formulated and applied by the educational institutions to guide and educate explain to their students the knowledge and information in the different subjects encompassed in the gradual learning process of their different curriculums in every courses or fields. Thus, curriculum and instructions go side-by-side in systematically developing and directing the educational system to better address the normal mental development and innate learning process of the students thus encouraging more productive and efficient learning approach for the society. In terms of the higher level of educational set up, the curriculums offered as well as the regulations are diversely changed to apply to the demands required for the learners. Obviously, the requirements of concentration and focus from the students are heightened. However, this does not add the directly instructional as compared to that of the lower levels of learning. Obviously, this is primarily because of the fact that the students in this level are already matured enough to be still instructed on what they are supposed to do. The students are rather expected to place higher concentration and intend to pursue in a better level of focus on the proper learning attitude needed for them to survive this particular stage of learning. The instance of being able to survive the scholastic challenges presented by the higher and more demanding environment of education is a primary achievement among those who are concentrating to attain the best out of their learning in this level of educational state. Most of the time, the students are known to be pressured in this set up, but all these procedures are strongly applied to actually help in the process of making the students see the real implications of their lessons in actual life.

Forensic Toxicology Essay

1. What are the three areas covered by forensic toxicology? Toxicology covers post-mortem drug testing, workplace drug testing and investigations into contraband materials. 2. Name six specimen types that are often tested in forensic toxicology. Under what circumstances is each specimen preferred? Blood – When testing for DUI’s, and two samples for every death case. Urine – Preemployment drug testing and is preferred over blood as its eacsy to collect large amounts. Bile and liver fluid – Useful for identifying certain types of drugs Hair – Preemployment testing and is advantageous for looking further back in time Oral fluid – Provides the same benefits of urine without invasion of privacy Breath – Used for preliminary test on highways 3. Name the NIDA 5. Draw a table showing the following characteristics of each drug: structure of a representative molecule, drug group, symptoms of overdose and drug source. National Institute on Drug Abuse 5 cites the following drugs 4. Name several groups of medicinal drugs often involved in fatalities. What characteristics render a drug most likely to be associated with overdose deaths? Sedative hynotics, cardioactive agents, antipsychotic agents, antiepileptic drugs and antidepressants. Miss use, or organ damage leading to failure of metabolism. 5. A 210-pound male consumes three highballs each of which was made with 2 ounces of 80 proof whiskey. What is the expected peak in his blood alcohol concentration? His blood alcohol concentration would raise by less than 0.06% as he is larger than an average male. 6. Name three methods for drug screening describe the advantages and disadvantages of each. Name Advantages Disadvantages Immunoassays High sensitivity Not 100% specific Thin Layer Chromatography Can identify hundreds of compounds in one run and is inexpensive Labour intensive and highly technical Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry Reliable compound recognition Cannot identify less specific features 7. Contrast gas chromatography with and without a mass spectrometer detector. Describe the advantages of the latter technology. Gas chromatography without a mass spectrometer detector relies solely on retention time however the use of a mass spectrometer detector allows for all components of a mixture to be separated. The advantages of mass spectrometer detectors are that it’s often highly unique and provides a fingerprint of the molecule and therefore one can use both the retention time and unique mass spectrum in order to identify substances. 8. What are three methods of metal analysis? Which is the optimal method and why? Three of the methods of metal analysis are colormetric assays, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and neutron activation analysis however inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is the optimal method as it is the most modern and of very high quality. 9. Describe the process of interpreting drug results in the context of preeemployment drug testing. Why is drug testing for employed individuals more difficult? Preemployment drugs test usually use the person in question’s urine, results are interpreted by comparing the level measured to an acceptable baseline. These baselines are not set at 0 because even second hand exposure can lead to trace amounts being metabolised and shown in the urine. Drug testing employed individuals is more difficult as it is usually in the context of confirming that drug abuse was the cause for erratic behaviour, this involves a blood test rather than urine, and further to this there is no agreed level of drug in a system that can be classed as a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"cause† for behaviour. 10. In a published case, an elderly woman with cancer dies. Three fentanyl patches are found on her body. Discuss the investigation of her death with respect to factors that would be significant to the forensic toxicologist in arriving at the cause and manner of death. The patches would be collected as evidence and tested for how much of the active ingredience was still present in the patches and two post mortem blood tests would be taken, one from the heart and one from an extremity, potentially the sites that the patches were applied to would be examined or swabbed also. The main factor in establishing the cause of death would be blood test results.

Bram Stoker Essay

Within â€Å"Dracula†, Stoker clearly presents the male characters in the book as heroes, without over emphasising this by giving them extraordinarily strong powers. They are portrayed as normal human beings with faults and weaknesses. This can be seen when Van Helsing suffers from hysteria, but despite this still plays an important role in the chase for Dracula, and brings confidence to their quest at desperate times. He describes the â€Å"Band of Brother’s† as those â€Å", who are willing to peril even our own souls for the safety of one we love-for the good of mankind, and for the honour and glory of God†. A similar comparison could be made to fictional characters/super heroes in comics such as Superman. They save the weak and bring down the villain while also leading normal lives. But despite doing this, these super heroes still posses certain vulnerabilities, in the instance of superman, he possesses a weakness to kryptonite. In the same sense, members of the brotherhood have their own weaknesses. Therefore, it is fair to say that there is some presence of a comic book nature in Stokers writings, and the characters in the book represent this. Stoker does well not to make the characteristics of his male heroes all man and butch, like our version of the male hero today. I believe Stoker’s view of the perfect hero, is one that is physically strong but in touch with his feminine side. I believe such a character to be Van Helsing. At the opening of Jonathan Harker’s journal it says, â€Å"God preserve my sanity†, and later Dr. Seward says, â€Å"What does this all mean? I am beginning to wonder if my long habit of life amongst the insane is beginning to tell upon my own brain†. Clearly within the novel, the male characters show signs of tenderness and sensitivity, which would be an imperative trait for a women of the time. Despite this, within the â€Å"Band of Brothers† each individual member have their own personal weakness, and this again parallels to that of a super hero in a comic book, (an ideal present day hero), how everyone has their own weaknesses, and often all have a universal weakness, eg. Breathing, in a comic world. In this case, the universal weakness of the â€Å"Band of the Brothers† is the shared love and protective nature over their women/partners. I believe that the men in the novel feel threatened by Dracula, who is a perfectly attractive, who is physically powerful, and more importantly targeting their women. The men may have felt that this new species may lure their women away from them, since it can be seen that his prey needs some sort of willingness or co-operation for him to act. It is not clear in the novel if Jonathan and Mina have consummated their marriage, since Jonathan was in such a bad state at the time of the wedding, yet later in the play he again shows inadequacies in the bedroom department, and can only watch Mina sucking at the chest of Dracula having been paralysed by the more dominant figure, Dracula. In the novel, personal and universal strengths and weaknesses are present in the â€Å"Band of Brothers†. Since all the characters concerned are human, there is no distinct line between the two, perhaps rather they represent individuality of characters. Due to the group’s enthusiasm, and their keenness to save their beloved from Dracula, they play directly into the hands of Dracula, and this can be seen in London. This shows that the eager and hunger of the man exploits their weakness of not thinking correctly, rushing into things and a little gullibility. Mina is left alone at the house a sitting duck for Dracula to attack, a thoughtless action showing human weakness. However the group show great dedication and understanding to the task in hand as Van Helsing says, â€Å"Our toil must be in silence, and our efforts in secret; for in this enlightened age†¦

Kid kustomers summery essay

That was until the â€Å"Decade of the Child consumer† as many marketing experts call it, where marketing agencies legalized that working parents are more willing to spend money on materialistic items for their kids t o keep them happy. Most all big marketing agencies around that time realized the potential opportunity they had to create a olfactory fan to their brand, so in turn most every ad agency created a child en division to their company.The children divisions of the companies were completely focused o n how to market their brand to stick in young kids minds. The best example of this that Closer BRI nags up in the article is he old Camel Cigarettes mascot, â€Å"Joe Camel†. Joe Camel was a cartoon chart term that the camel cigarettes brand invented to help market their product to a younger crowd an d it worked perfectly.A study done in 1991 showed that almost all American kids age six, could recon nice Joe Camel just as easily as the famous Mackey mouse. Then ano ther very shocking study came shortly after that found that % of all cigarettes illegally sold to minors were Camel cigarettes. Closer goes on to explain that marketing agencies have a goal of getting chi lilied to have pacific reasons for their parents why they need the advertised product.They don't just want kids to whine and beg for their product because they want it, the agencies want child Rene to feel certain reasons why they actually need the product. In order to know what kids need to see to get infatuated with a product, market researchers hold staged sleepovers, focus groups and play d dates for kids as young as two or three to study what they talk about, play with, and even what they drag w in their pictures. The ad agencies also used the internet as a huge marketing tool to children.In 1 998 a federal investigation of the internet found that 89% of children aimed sites were requesting personal information from children without a parents consent which now is illegal due t o the Children's Online Pri vacancy Protection Act, which took effect in the year 2000. The biggest tool that marketing agencies still have to hook our children on the IR product is the television. Despite the efforts of the FTC (Federal Trade Commission) to ban al I television ads directed at children under seven, the television still remains the number one place for racketing agencies to spread their message subliminally to children's minds.With TV channels like N clonked, the Disney Channel, the Cartoon Network and all the other child networks, the television is broadcasting children based advertisements tenderfoot hours a day. Before 1 980, or the â€Å"Decade of the child consumer† none of these television networks even existed. Now the typical American chill d is watching television at an average of twenty hours a week and almost one and a half months o UT of a year, watching more than thirty thousand TV commercials.

Discussion about the Apple Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion about the Apple - Research Paper Example However, it must also be noted that Apple Inc. seeks to manage the supply and demand of their products by only producing a certain level of initial offerings as a means of stirring up a greater level of interest and support among potential clients. The firm has determined that it is more profitable to encourage individuals with an understanding that the exclusivity of the product in its entry phase is part of the overall appeal. Lastly, with regards to how the US government impacts upon a company such as Apple, it can be said that the relatively high levels of taxation that exist within the United States in conjunction with the exponentially higher labor costs have encouraged Apple to seek out third-party nations to assemble and partially developed their products. Although the ethics of this remaining question, the role and extent to which the United States government has acted in encouraging firms such as Apple to seek out the highest level of profitability possible is measurable in such a

How each film uses aesthetics to offer a truth about the world Essay

How each film uses aesthetics to offer a truth about the world - Essay Example There are some documentaries that unsettle you to the deepest core of your being, putting you right off your brunch. I'm looking at you, capturing the Friedman’s. There are others that remind you that though the world can be a place fraught with suffering, it is also replete with miracles. Searching for Sugar Man is definitely in the latter category. The 2012 film (and that year's Best Documentary Feature winner) chronicles the rise and fall and unexpected re-rise of a Mexican-American singer-songwriter with all of Bob Dylan's poetic lyricism and righteous anti-establishment rage and none of his success: Rodriguez. After a couple of years in the late 60s and early 70s playing gigs in places named thing like, unironically, The Sewer, Rodriguez returned to a job in construction and a brief flirtation with local politics, surrendering his hopes of a musical career. Haven't heard of him? You must be American. What neither he, nor his producers, nor (probably) his record label knew was that while he was demolishing buildings and doing whatever one does with drywall, his music was fueling the anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa, and the artist himself had become a quasi-mythical figure around whom rumors of a spectacularly gruesome onstage suicide were as widely and ferociously traded as the bootleg copies of his two albums. Because of the nature of a dictatorship, South Africans had very little unsanctioned information about the world outside their borders. But even though his fans (which, it seems important to note, seem to be largely white) didn't know who or where Rodriguez was, they did know that his lyrics criticizing unjust economic and social practices (inspired by his native Detroit) gave them a vocabulary with which to resist and begin to dismantle the cruelties and perversions of human dignity they were witnessing. And when a couple of musicians and writers try to hunt down the true biography of their poet and prophet, a pretty magical reunion t akes place. One of the journalists interviewed by the filmmaker describes this unlikely series of events as sounding like "a bad PR campaign" because it was so unlike how he understands the world to work, and Searching for Sugar Man feels like a myth while watching. Rodriguez remains an elusive figure throughout, even after he is rediscovered. He slides through different names and identities as purposefully and smoothly as he walks through the largely abandoned streets of the working-class neighborhood where he still lives in Detroit, and is clearly uncomfortable talking about his remarkable story. But it's a story that makes poets of his fellow construction workers and family as they marvel at how their unassuming friend and father live a dual life as a South African rock star. Though not quite reaching the heights of exuberant aesthetic grace achieved by man wire, Searching for Sugar Man will make you believe in fairy tales. Bernie is a 2011 black comedy film directed by Richard L inklater, and written by Linklater andSkipHollandsworth. The making of the film, based on an article in Texas monthly magazine by Skip Holland worth, whom also co-wrote the comedic film with Linklater, divided citizens ofCartharage, Texas, the small town in East Texas where the Nugent murder occurred. In the film, Linklater includes interviews with several Carthage residents about

Muted Group Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Muted Group Theory - Research Paper Example Thus, the female circle is neither invisible nor acknowledged-eventually, only a small part or rather, reflections of it are exposed.   Consequently, women’s experiences are felt only as â€Å"black holes† or reminiscences of society. Women’s on perspectives are restricted by this enforced tunnel vision, and their voices are not publicly articulated. Women, then, are   left with two choices.   They can attempt to translate their point of view into a masculine mode or try to detach alternate modes of communication. Both options are problematic. For one, the translation process can give rise to communication difficulties and an ensuing lack of communication satisfaction.   There are also structural barriers to the development of alternate communication modes, as men, whether conscious or not, will perpetuate their power by preventing other voices from being heard and acknowledged.   As a result, women’s voices are muted.   Working as a business a nalyst and meeting with business people who are usually male had been a challenging experience for me. Finding the right words , being articulate enough to sound straightforward like a man is just not of the female character that it posed a real challenge for someone working in a male dominated profession. There have been times I felt that my opinions were just solicited with my male colleagues just acting civilly in my presence, but not really listening and understanding what I was telling. I had to understand.... Working as a business analyst and meeting with business people who are usually male had been a challenging experience for me. Finding the right words , being articulate enough to sound straightforward like a man is just not of the female character that it posed a real challenge for someone working in a male dominated profession. There have been times I felt that my opinions were just solicited with my male colleagues just acting civilly in my presence, but not really listening and understanding what I was telling. I had to understand at those times that there are differences in the understanding and interpretations of men and women of the spoken words. That women usually tend to consider not only the literal meaning of what is said but also interpret meanings beneath it. Also, being with men made me somehow ‘lose’ my feminine identity because i had to act and sound like them for me to be accepted as a part of ‘their’ group. Note, however, that muting is not the same as silencing and that muting is only successful only when the non-dominant group (in this case, women) ceases to find and develop alternative communication styles to express their experiences and code their messages. When this happens, only traces are left of the original, a kind of palimpsest. Feminist communication scholars have documented the ways in which â€Å"masculine† language both inhibits and infects women’s forms of expression and how women are forced to double-code their messages through different rhetorical means. According to the muted group theory, women face a dilemma arising from the fact that their experiences and means of communication are restricted by their marginalization in society and their relative isolation within the private sphere-deemed not only irrelevant

Government and its Policies for Entrepreneurs Essay

Government and its Policies for Entrepreneurs - Essay Example The legislations made with respect to entrepreneurs and enterprises are complicated and cumbersome. Entrepreneurs find these legislations difficult to grasp without the help of proper legal help. They think that legislations should be made in a way that they are easy to understand and follow by everyone. Also some critics of government believe that its policies have hurt the economy and market structures. By holding on to the status quo government has stifled entrepreneurial activities. People believe that government needs to do more to help them succeed in their enterprising efforts. "The American economy is dying, but not from natural causes. It is being strangled to death in a coordinated pincer attack. America's ability to survive, produce and prosper is being systematically destroyed by socialistic taxes and regulations that make U.S. production of virtually everything increasingly uneconomical. Simultaneously, the same legislators and government officials who are impeding American producers are opening the floodgates to cheap foreign goods that are not burdened with the same debilitating taxes, regulations and mandates" (Jasper, 2003). Government should pass legislations to support a market economy in support of entrepreneurs in particular. ... Government Policies Government is currently making policies for different sets of groups. Different group have different needs and wants. There could be some policies that encompass all and sundry but at some level government has to look at the specific groups. Some groups make bigger investments in their enterprises while some start their business on a small scale. Some belong to a particular ethnic group with specific needs while some belong to another. Government can make policies on two different levels that general policies for all and specific policies for particular sectors or groups as one policy fits all can not work in case of entrepreneurs. Blanket Policies Government can pursue certain blanket policies applicable to all entrepreneurs. The government has already established special organizations like SBA that support small businesses. These organizations support start up firms regarding the whole procedure of conducting business. General legislations apply to all small businesses and industries. Following important blanket policies could be adopted by the government: Financing and Capital The most important blanket policies that US government could adopt would be regarding financing and capital availability. Whenever someone wants to start a new business the most difficult step becomes financing. Entrepreneur takes a lot of risk while trying to establish a new business venture. They put in all their efforts and hard work to make their business succeed. Some even leave their routine and comfortable jobs for their enterprising ventures. They can all do this only if a solid financing is provided to them. Government's rule becomes crucial here. Currently organizations like Small Business Administration (SBA) provide

How Construction has evolved and developed to the current standards Dissertation

How Construction has evolved and developed to the current standards. (Re-word if needed) - Dissertation Example The regulations relating to buildings and their construction is fundamental to the health, welfare and safety of everyone who live in a building, work in a building at some time transact business in and around building. These individuals of course include the disabled for whom special requirements have been given. They also seek to promote the conservation of fuel and power and the prevention of waste and water (planning regulations research (SAIC 2007). communities.gov). Individuals spend approximately 90% of their time in buildings (SAIC 2007). In the UK, over one third of the carbon dioxide emissions come from buildings. The emission of carbon dioxide is very harmful to the environment and in order to protect the ozone layer we have to emphasise the importance of standards. Building Standards are fundamental to the health and safety of us all. In this regard the authorities are working hard to ensure that standards are achieved and continuously improved. Compliance and enforcement has become new issues as standards are being adapted to keep abreast with design, technology, materials and construction, as well as energy conservation issues. However, there has been increasing concerns with regards to the level of compliance, frequency, pace and increasing complexity of these changes. 2.0 The Evolution of Building Standards Construction standards have evolved overtime with frequent and more complex Building Regulations since the 1990’s. These changes relate to: Structure of buildings, Fire safety to both dwelling houses and other buildings, Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture; Toxic substances; Resistance to the passage of sound; Ventilation; Hygiene; Drainage and waste disposal; Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems; Guidance and Supplementary Information on the UK Implementation of European Standards for Chimneys and Flues; Conservation of fuel and power to existing dwelling houses, other buildings, new dwelling houses and other new buildings; access to and use to buildings; Glazing – safety in relation to impact, opening and cleaning; Electrical safety – Dwellings; Materials and workmanship. 2.1 Old Trafford to Wembley Old Trafford was built starting from as far back as the 1900s when requirements were very barely significant. However, there have been major demolitions, modifications and additions since that time. The old roof pillars were replaced in 1965 with modern-style cantilevers. Changes were also made to focus crowd noise on the pitch. The final adjustment was made in 2004 in order to ensure that all spectators had seats. Old Trafford has aspects of the new standards based on